It can be developed in various locations e.g., eyelids, conjunctiva and anterior segment. Photo by courtesy of Maria Emília Xavier dos Santos Araújo PhD, Hospital of State Civil Servant, São Paulo (IAMSPE-SP).Īccording to Stedman's Medical Dictionary definition, cyst means an abnormal vesicle containing gas, fluid or semi-solid material, with a membranous framework. Image illustrating a patient who developed conjunctival nasal inclusion cyst after blunt trauma. pterygium, pingueculitis, chronic keratoconjunctivitis or pyogenic granuloma )įigure 2A. Inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva (e.g.The following causes have been cited for secondary conjunctival inclusion cyst: Primary conjunctival inclusion cysts are congenital, and secondary cysts can be spontaneous or, most commonly, due to inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva, such as pterygium, pingueculitis, chronic keratoconjunctivitis and pyogenic granuloma, or following ocular trauma or surgery, such as cataract, strabismus, enucleation or scleral buckle placement. Treatment is required if discomfort develops or any impairment of function due to the size, but treatment is usually expectant. They can be either primary or secondary, and are usually asymptomatic. Cyst wall is composed of non-keratinized lining epithelium and connective tissue.
They are formed from an inclusion of the conjunctival epithelium into the proper substance, forming a central cystic cavity due to epithelial cell proliferation. The average onset age is 47 and occurrence is equally in both sexes. Inclusion cysts constitute 80% of all cystic lesions of the conjunctiva. Inclusion cysts are benign cysts filled with clear serous fluid containing shed cells or mucous material ( Figure 1). Hospital of State Civil Servant (IAMSPE-SP). Perilimbic conjunctival inclusion cyst, developed two years after a pterygium surgery with conjunctival grafting at the same site. The Chibouk Smoker by Théobald Chartran, Turc Au Chibouk by James Lewis Caw, Interieur d'un café Turc by Chevalier Auguste de Henikstein, and Guerrier fumant le Chibouk by Johann Hermann are examples of chibouk featured in art and illustration.Figure 1. Some had detachable mouthpieces.Įnver Pasha was known to have smoked chibouk, as was Jirjis al-Jawhari (Moallem Guerguis Koft), a Coptic Egyptian leader appointed the General Steward of all Egypt by Napoleon in 1798. Some specialized chibouk were produced to act as long, cigarette-holding pipes. Similar pipes were once used in North Africa to smoke hashish. Old chibouk and chibouk bowls can still be purchased as antiques. Their use in Turkey and the Middle East may have died out with the growing popularity of the hookah and cigarettes. Like Chinese opium pipes, chibouk are antiquated smoking devices, and are rarely, if at all produced in modern times. While primarily known as a Turkish pipe, the chibouk was once popular in Iran, as well. (1.2 and 1.5 m), much longer than even Western churchwarden pipes. The stem of the chibouk generally ranges between 4 and 5 ft. A chibouk ( / tʃ ɪ ˈ b ʊ k, - ˈ b uː k/ French: chibouque from the Turkish: çıbık, çubuk (English: "stick" from the Persian word choobak "چوبک" meaning small wooden stick) (Serbian: "Čibuk") also romanized čopoq, ciunoux or tchibouque) is a very long-stemmed Turkish tobacco pipe, often featuring a clay bowl ornamented with precious stones.
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